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Artificial intelligence designates, in a broad sense, the intelligence of machines and, in a narrower sense, machine learning (machine learning, deep learning), in other words, the software capacity, in particular by the method of neural networks, to make, after having been more or less trained, inferences, identifications and classifications in a more efficient and rapid manner than humans. AI is at the crossroads of computer science and mathematics, but also of cognitive sciences. Its most striking applications have been in the field of image recognition, but they are now extending to the processing of all massively available data, such as the automatic processing of natural language, the identification of people and objects, the recognition of speech or printed characters and handwriting.
In the humanities and social sciences, it appears that the emerging applications of machine learning concern economics, sociology, geography or history in all the tasks of locating and classifying images, texts and data, as well as opening up in certain cases to the exploration of predictive models in sociology and economics.
The complexity and the number of calculations produced by AI make it impossible to reduce the choice of the computer to a simple causal chain, hence a problematic black box effect whose ethical and epistemological stakes are major.Beyond the transformations in the methodologies of the disciplines it induces, AI is a question of epistemology linked to the meeting of cognitive sciences and mathematics because it has major consequences on the representation of knowledge and on reasoning. The question of artificial intelligence is to be problematized with that of human intelligence.
